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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume insects, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah was introduced to Mauritius to control locusts, and about the exact same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to permit ants to pass between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests like insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest which are bred in the lab and introduced into the environment.
Ideally, the released organism will strain and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and apparatus, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control in addition to being used for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are extremely destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control insects by depriving them of their host plants. It is a major tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or alternative methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to price effectively reduce insect densities on big commercial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to disperse back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. But effective control by pesticides is not easy; the right formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often critical, the procedure of application is important, adequate protection and retention on the harvest professional and experienced termite experts are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and my response these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where progressive farmers are using fertilisers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism which manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this way, a number of the very serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
